Artificial neural networks as emulators of process-based models to analyse bathing water quality in estuaries

This study aims to provide a method for developing artificial neural networks in estuaries as emulators ofprocess-based models to analyse bathing water quality and its variability over time and space. Themethodology forecasts the concentration of faecal indicator organisms, integrating the accuracy andreliability offield measurements, the spatial and temporal resolution of process-based modelling, andthe decrease in computational costs by artificial neural networks whilst preserving the accuracy of re-sults. Thus, the overall approach integrates a coupled hydrodynamic-bacteriological model previouslycalibrated withfield data at the bathing sites into a low-order emulator by using artificial neural net-works, which are trained by the process-based model outputs. The application of the method to the EoEstuary, located on the northwestern coast of Spain, demonstrated that artificial neural networks areviable surrogates of highly nonlinear process-based models and highly variable forcings. The resultsshowed that the process-based model and the neural networks conveniently reproduced the measure-ments ofEscherichia coli(E. coli) concentrations, indicating a slightly betterfit for the process-basedmodel (R2¼0.87) than for the neural networks (R2¼0.83). This application also highlighted that dur-ing the model setup of both predictive tools, the computational time of the process-based approach was0.78 times lower than that of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) approach due to the additional timespent on ANN development. Conversely, the computational costs of forecasting are considerably reducedby the neural networks compared with the process-based model, with a decrease in hours of 25, 600,3900, and 31633 times for forecasting 1 h, 1 day, 1 month, and 1 bathing season, respectively. Therefore,the longer the forecasting period, the greater the reduction in computational time by artificial neuralnetworks

Gipuzkoako eskola kirolaren bilakaera 1989-2005

El deporte escolar practicado hoy en día en Gipuzkoa se puso en marcha gracias a un decreto foral aprobado el año 1989. Sin embargo, a la hora de implantar el modelo de deporte escolar ha habido altibajos hasta constituir una oferta de actividades e implantar una estructura permanente que lleve adelante dichas actividades deportivas. En consecuencia, el deporte escolar de Gipuzkoa ha experimentado un gran avance, tanto en los aspectos cuantitativos (número de participantes y modalidades deportivas) como en los cualitativos.Gaur egun Gipuzkoan egiten den eskola kirola 1989an onartutako foru dekretu baten bidez jarri zen abian. Hala ere, eskola kirolaren eredua ezartzean gorabehera batzuk izan dira, jarduera eskaintza eratu eta kirol jarduera horiek aurrera eramateko egitura egonkorra finkatu arte. Ondorioz, Gipuzkoako eskola kirolak aurrerapauso handia egin du, bai alderdi kuantitatiboetan (partaideen eta kirol modalitateen kopurua), baita alderdi kualitatiboetan ere.Le sport scolaire pratiqué aujourd'hui en Gipuzkoa s'est mis en marche grâce à un décret foral approuvé en 1989. Néanmoins, au moment d'implanter le modèle de sport scolaire il y a eu des hauts et des bas jusqu'au moment où l'on a pu constituer une offre d'activités et implanter une structure permanente qui fasse avance ces activités sportives. En conséquence, le sport scolaire de Gipuzkoa a expérimenté un grand pas en avant, aussi bien dans les aspects quantitatifs (nombre de participants et de modalités sportives) que dans les aspects qualitatifs.Sport in Gipuzkoa's schools today was officially established by a local decree issued in 1989. The process of setting up a model for school sports, however, experienced a number of ups and downs before a stable structure was created to establish a range of activities and develop the various sports. Thus sport in Gipuzkoa's schools has made considerable progress from both the quantitative point of view (the number of different sports categories and participants) and the point of view of quality